---
title: "SP1"
description: "SP1: zkVM (RISC-V). Kind: zkVM (RISC-V). Arithmetisation / backend: Multilinear / sumcheck + wrapper. Setup: Wrapper only. Maintained by: Succinct."
type: "option"
url: "https://zkpick.com/frameworks/sp1/"
section: "02 Choosing a framework"
authors:
  - "MarketComp"
publisher: "MarketComp"
version: "1.3"
updated: "2026-09-12"
license: "CC-BY-4.0"
json: "https://zkpick.com/data/frameworks/sp1.json"
---

*By MarketComp. Updated 2026-09-12. Version 1.3. CC BY 4.0.*

# SP1 — *zkVM (RISC-V)*

> SP1: zkVM (RISC-V). Kind: zkVM (RISC-V). Arithmetisation / backend: Multilinear / sumcheck + wrapper. Setup: Wrapper only. Maintained by: Succinct. Licence: MIT / Apache-2.0. Status: Production; deepest assurance evidence. Choose it when: Proving large existing Rust codebases — state transitions, consensus and EVM verification, bridges — where on-chain cost matters and published assurance evidence is a selection criterion.

A RISC-V zkVM proving execution of programs compiled from Rust. The current generation uses a multilinear proof system with sumcheck-based arguments; final proofs are wrapped in Groth16 or PLONK for on-chain verification.

**Strengths**

- One of the two most substantial public formal-verification efforts among zkVMs, with core chip constraints verified against the official ISA specification
- Documented, concrete on-chain proof sizes and gas costs for both wrapper options
- Mainnet-deployed, with published security analysis and disclosed findings

**Tradeoffs**

- Formal verification is scoped, not total: a specification-conformance bug was later found by conformance tests outside the verification effort's scope. Treat 'formally verified' as bounded by its stated hypotheses
- Unwrapped proofs are large; reaching on-chain size requires recursion plus a wrapper
- The Groth16 wrapper inherits a trusted setup — see §04

**Choose it when:** Proving large existing Rust codebases — state transitions, consensus and EVM verification, bridges — where on-chain cost matters and published assurance evidence is a selection criterion.

Maintained by: Succinct · Maturity: Production, mainnet-deployed · License: MIT / Apache-2.0 · Source: https://github.com/succinctlabs/sp1

**In the framework selection matrix** (https://zkpick.com/frameworks/#frameworks-matrix-sp1)

| Project | Kind | Arithmetisation / backend | Setup | Maintained by | Licence | Status |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| SP1 | zkVM (RISC-V) | Multilinear / sumcheck + wrapper | Wrapper only | Succinct | MIT / Apache-2.0 | Production; deepest assurance evidence |